Memorandum – for Hospitality

Memorandum To: Kitchen Operations Staff From: Human Resources Date: 30th February 2013 Subject: Prevention of food poisoning. This memo is intended to inform and update employees on the work practices in the kitchen that are important in the prevention of food poisoning. Employees are expected to have a clear understanding of The Food Act 2003(NSW) and Food Regulations 2004(NSW). A copy of the Act is available with your supervisor for reference. Food handlers are legally obliged to follow these requirements. Please ensure a HACCP process is followed during the production of food.Periodic checks and audits from internal and external teams are necessary to ascertain proper HACCP processes are followed. (It should be noted that HACCP process is a legal obligation for food handlers). Employees must maintain proper personal hygiene. This is inclusive of some golden rules such as good personal grooming, treating cuts and wounds and washing hands regularly. Personal health issues that pose a risk in the workplace (food borne/airborne diseases, illnesses such as influenza or infections from open cuts/wounds) should be treated as soon as possible.Food preparation procedures include proper maintenance of the food preparation areas and food service areas. Particular care must be taken to the correct hand washing technique and the usage of gloves when handling food. Safe food storage is a legal obligation. Goods should be stored according to the manufacturer’s instruction, temperature controlled , properly packed and labelled, checked for expiration, follow stock rotation, avoid storing chemicals in old containers and store substances in separate well-lit and ventilated storerooms.Ensure that the bins are sanitised and emptied regularly. Be sure to categorise the waste storage area so that waste and recyclable items are separated. Objects and areas such as work benches , utensils , dinnerware and glassware should be cleaned and sanitised thoroughly to prevent contam ination. Regular checks to be done on temperature controlled equipment. Maintaining temperature is an important aspect of food preservation.Any malfunction of these equipment should be immediately reported and rectified. All of the above if not followed can cause food contamination which could possibly lead to Food poisoning which broadly falls under Chemical (caused by the presence of chemicals – such as cleaning agents ), Biological (harmful bacteria that is formed on food due to food spoilage from incorrect preservation of food) or Physical ( caused by glass fragments or metal shavings from incorrect preparation process) food poisoning.Signed, General Manager Human Resources Riya Jude __________________________________________________________________________________ All employees must read this memo and sign the declaration below: I read and understood the work practices in the kitchen that are important in the prevention of food poisoning. Name:| Signature:| Date:| | | | | | | | | |

Discuss the different factors that might affect individuals Self-Presentation Essay

Self-Presentation is a concept used to describe the behavior of ones self to create an impression which can influence others around us. One factor that may affect our Self-Presentation is the situation one is in, also known as the context. This may influence our Persona, the ‘masks’ we wear or our Performance, how ‘sincere’ or ‘cynical’ we are. For example, if one was on a first date, we may be very cynical to give a good first impression or give an impression of our ideal-self, however, if the individual had a high self esteem, they may seem to be more sincere. Another factor that could affect ones Self-Presentation is the props or costume we wear. This is called Staging. The ‘costume’ we may wear can influence other people’s image of ourselves. For example if one wears a flamboyant outfit it could suggest they feel very insecure and have a low self-esteem and they are trying to ‘cover up’, however to others they could come across confident and outgoing. This illustrates the sheer power our Self-Presentation has over others opinions of ourselves. Over time, this could also alter our perception of our self-image, that we are â€Å"playing an unconscious role and believe we are being ourselves† stated by Burton and Dimbleby. It’s not just about what we wear, the props we use or our surroundings that can affect our Self-Presentation, but also who we are with. We act differently around our close friends to our colleagues and in fact, our family. Our Persona or our ‘masks’ change depending on the people we surround ourselves with. The company we keep is also known as our ‘Teams’. In a similar way, the roles we may have will affect our Self-Presentation. Ones role as a friend will be different to ones role as a shop assistant or a teacher. We have to change our self-image to suit our role and our role changes throughout the day. Depending on how high our self-esteem is, ones persona may not be needed or used as much, which may reflect on our self-disclosure. If one has a high self-esteem, they may not feel the need to wear ‘masks’ to hide their identity. If one is open and willing to disclose information about their  private self their Self-Presentation will not be as dramatic and will seem more like their true self. This will also contribute to their personal Johari Window Model, as their ‘open’ area will be much larger. Self-presentation could also be seen as a self-maintenance strategy, trying to change our self-image. This could be due to Cognitive Dissonance, were our perception of ourselves will differ from what society expects which causes tension. Finally our Personal Style can affect our Self-Presentation. This is because, without personal style, ones performance will not flow and will seem fake.

Theme of Status in Daisy Miller

In the short story, â€Å"Daisy Miller†, by Edith Wharton, a common obsession is found with the status and respectability of the characters presented in the story. Edith develops this obsession as a theme that is supported by European and American ideals, character’s viewpoints, and character’s actions in the story â€Å"Daisy Miller†. The theme of status and respectability is largely developed by the ideals of the society found within Daisy Miller. The story originates in Switzerland and then later goes on to take place in Rome. In each of these cities, the story implies that status is highly regarded and that the society looks down upon certain unrespectable behaviors. The European societies of Daisy Miller watch and titter over the apparent reckless behavior of this young girl, as this behavior is not acceptable to the upper class. Daisy Miller, as viewed by the European society, a reckless, flirtatious, and imprudent girl, who does not heed societal standards. Her most dishonorable actions are that she tends to spend time with various men in the community. The upper classes find that Daisy’s promenading with various men in public is of upmost disgrace. Throughout the story their views on this sort of behavior are often voiced. In a conversation between Winterbourne, a man who becomes slightly involved with Daisy, and Mrs. Walker, an overseer of Daisy, the criticism of Daisy Miller’s actions is voiced. â€Å" That girl must not do this sort of thing. She must not walk here with you two men. Fifty people have noticed her. † Winterbourne raised his eyebrows. I think it’s a pity to make too much fuss about it. † â€Å"I think it’s a pity to let the girl ruin herself! † The story Daisy Miller tends to revolve around this idea that Daisy is â€Å"ruining herself† due to her irresponsible actions. The society of Europe is very absorbed with Daisy’s respectability; an example of how to the respectability of an individual greatly affects their status in society. Because Daisy and her family are of low class, Daisy’s irresponsible actions easily bring them to an even lower status. The main character Mr. Winterbourne supports the theme of respect and status by acting as a narrator for the follies of Daisy Miller as well as a connection between her and the upper-class ideals of status and respectability. When he is not with Daisy, Mr. Winterbourne is often listening to what is being said about her. â€Å"They ceased to invite her, they intimated that they desired to express to observant Europeans the great truth that, though Miss Daisy Miller was a young American lady, her behavior was not representative. Mr. Winterbourne is highly aware of Daisy’s dishonorable reputation that she gains in the European, especially Roman society, and continuously notes how she falls on the societal scale. Mr. Winterbourne’s obsession with how Daisy Miller is perceived in their society is an important part of what carries the theme of respect and status throughout the short story. Mr. Winterbourne not only perceives Daisy Miller’s affect on society but also d ebates with himself the reasons behind her dishonorable actions. He asked himself whether Daisy’s defiance came from the consciousness of innocence, or from her being, essentially, a young person of reckless class. † In instances such as this, Mr. Winterbourne continuously seeks to rationalize why Daisy dishonors herself through such reckless actions. The theme of status and respectability is also supported by the actions of Daisy Miller herself. Daisy Miller begins by chasing after status in the European society. She often talks of the â€Å"society† in her European community as a class which she strives to be apart. Daisy Miller realizes that she is found to be disrespectable however, tries to believe that this is not the truth. When Winterbourne implies how Daisy Miller perceived in Rome, she acts as though she does not believe him. â€Å" â€Å"Of course I care to know! † Daisy exclaimed seriously. â€Å"But I don’t believe it. They are only pretending to be shocked. † She illustrates the importance of respect and status in both European and American societies. She is very concerned with the respect and status that she has in her society, however is naive of how she fails to gain either of those things. Daisy’s innocence is what saves her from the realization that she is in fact, bringing herself down to a lower space in the social ladder. â€Å"Miss Daisy Miller looked extremely innocent. Some people had told him that, after all, the American girls were exceedingly innocent.. † Daisy Miller is also important to the theme of respect and status in that she provides an outlet for the societal views of what is respectful and what is not. Obviously, â€Å"going around† with men is not a respectable course of action for Daisy Miller, and for this she is ostracized from her society. In the short story, â€Å"Daisy Miller† a societal criticism of respect and status is provided as a major theme. Daisy Miller’s actions are the central to the stories plot, and the criticism that she receives by the â€Å"society† is a constant aspect of the stories plot. Various characters express this criticism, however, the most important of these characters are Mr. Winterbourne, and Daisy herself. Mr. Winterbourne and Daisy each express opposite views towards the societies criticism; however, their separate views, as well as those demonstrated by the society of Europe dramatically support the theme of respect and status in the short story.

Plant Physiology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Plant Physiology - Essay Example White sorghum plants are sweeter than red sorghum plants, and they are used as grain crops. Red sorghum plants are less tasty than white sorghum plants. However, red sorghum plants are beneficial to farmers in that birds are less likely to attack and eat them, and they make good beer. Sorghum plants are usually planted directly from the seeds in rows, and they are planted in the spring. The plants grow in a variety of soils and are drought resistant. However, sorghum plants will grow better in soil that has been fertilized on the preset. The characteristics of sorghum plants having originated in hot temperatures of Africa, being field crops, having the appearance of "cane-grass" and being drought resistant make the plants susceptible to stressful environments because the sorghum plants have the capability of being clustered together in a group, meaning that the plants are close enough where they can generate energy from the other plants. Also, they have the appearance of "cane-grass" helping them to be tall enough to withstand and guard the neighboring plants from the harsh temperatures. Also, since the sorghum plants are drought resistant, they have the capability to go without water for long periods of time.

How readily could terrorists can acquire nuclear weapons Essay

How readily could terrorists can acquire nuclear weapons - Essay Example different nations had the information about nuclear weapon empowerment of different terrorist organizations across the world, why adequate measures have not been taken to prevent such attempts? The reasons is that despite having knowledge about such devastating plans of the terrorists such attempts could not be stopped as terrorists are not some kind of creatures belonging to a particular species group who could be identified through their appearances. They are very much part of the society, of the mass and they are actually utilizing the brighter aspects of human innovations in wrong ways. The general course experimentation of nuclear weapons has showed them the avenues that nuclear weapons are great tools by which a great deal of mass destruction can happen and such attempts would definitely add to the purpose of the terrorists. Nuclear weapon empowerment of terrorists actually started due to the infamous Cold War between two global superpowers, United States of America and Soviet Union. As either of these nations was on the desperate attempt to prove them superior to the other that is why, for the purpose of making their respective economic as well social bonds weak they encouraged terrorism. In the process of such encouragement they actually trained those terrorists, who were actually mercenaries in the hands of both the countries, to use modern weapons properly and taught them about the use and invention of nuclear weapons. Use of such nuclear weapons by the terrorists actually belongs to the category of â€Å"non-conventional weaponry.† (Cameron, 1999, p. 1) Once of the most horrific instances of the recent day use of such â€Å"non-conventional weaponry† can be cited through the attack of Aum Shinrikyo, a terrorist organization in Tokyo. â€Å"On 20th March 1995, members of the Aum Shinrikyo cult released a lethal nerve agent, sarin, on the Tokyo underground. The attack killed 12 people and injured over 5,000 others, and was the first majo r sub-state use of a

Apply Strategical Frame Works and Strategies Essay

Apply Strategical Frame Works and Strategies - Essay Example Apple has huge brand image and immense popularity in the global markets. The smashing success of the company came with the introduction of iPod. This helped the company to take the music industry by surprise. Apple’s products are considered to be of superior technology and highly trendy by most consumers, and therefore the company has been enjoying high sales since its inception (Shafiqhamsi, 2011). The tremendous success and growth of Apple in the US in the late 1970s made the company develop strategies of expansion. Apple wanted to primarily venture into the markets of Europe and Japan. Apple is a huge success in the Japanese markets at present. Initially due to lack of distribution and non-localization of the company in the Japanese market, the company was seen to sell its products at a very high price. As a result, very few consumers could afford buying the products of Apple. Corporate arrogance also had a negative impact upon Apple’s entry into Japan. As a result, the company’s first attempt of entering the Japanese market was a failure. By the 1980s Apple had decided to become more committed to developing its market in Japan. The company increased its efforts towards localizing its products. Apple expanded its distributor network in Japan and took steps for increasing brand awareness. By 1999 the launch of the new iMac and iBook had helped Apple to gain imme nse popularity in the Japanese market. The company was also seen to capture almost 23% of the market share. Soon Apple established itself as a strong player in the Japanese consumer electronics market. The Apple craze of the US soon captured Japan too. In 2004, almost 1,500 people in Tokyo and 2,500 people in Osaka lined up in front of the Apple stores in demand for the new iPod mini. The supply of the iPod mini was lesser than the demand. Japanese consumers were of the opinion that the iPod mini was an ideal product for them. They consider that the product is of high utility,

What is SOW Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

What is SOW - Coursework Example This has therefore called for the development of the process that will be involved in the project. This statement of work will therefore outline the objectives that will be followed, the scope of the project and the deliverables of the project. The process of centralizing the scheduling process in ACME Development Corporation is so that it brings efficiency in the management process of the whole process. The purpose of this project is to implement a central scheduling system that will enable the project managers who are located in the various parts of the US working for ADC to schedule projects in uniformly. Currently, the scheduling software is installed in individual machines for each project manager. The corporation therefore spends more resources in installing and managing the scheduling systems for each individual project manager. The project will be guided by the following objectives: This project will entail getting an online scheduling system that will be used by ADC in its operations. There are project managers each using their own scheduling software. There is therefore a need to centralize scheduling. There is the contracting of the tasks. Selecting one contact that fit ACME Development Corporation (ADC) needs would be impossible for this project. The selection the right contract for that task and then integrating the combination of contracts to make one they will meet ADC goal to standardize with one single project-scheduling tool and to have the tool installed and be operational within 90 days. To this end, the company is forming a central project management office (PMO) (Brotherton, Fried, & Norman, 2008).   for this type of work I would engage in a service contract which will specify the specifications of the software in question and the work that needs to be done by the technicians. The fixed price at cost contract would make most sense here. This would evidently come out with the right clauses to ensure that the

Christian Counseling vs. Professional Psychotherapy Essay

Christian Counseling vs. Professional Psychotherapy - Essay Example This discussion highlights that  advice is statement, which helps the person to make the right decision.   It is not as specific as counsel is and has the aim to lead the counseled individual to the right decision.   Advice provides several alternatives and individual decides which alternative is more acceptable to him/her.This paper outlines that  wisdom is a different concept than counsel and advice.   It is not even the trait of the character, but rather the ability to make right decision based on the previous experience and the ability to reason, to consider different alternatives and to make the best decisions.   From Biblical perspective, wisdom comes with the acceptance of the Godly lifestyle and belief into God, while from the general perspective the person is regarded as wise if all of his decisions are logically and ethically right.   The concept of wisdom is introduced in the Bible from the first book:   â€Å"When the woman saw that the fruit of the tree was good for food and pleasing to the eye, and also desirable for gaining wisdom, she took some and ate it.   She also gave some to her husband, who was with her, and he ate it†.  Wisdom is also the ability to be tolerant to others, the ability to listen to people and to accept their point of view, even if it is very different from the own. Being wise is not about knowing answers to all questions but rather about hearing others, analyzing the situations and finding the most appropriate solution, as the above verse supposes.  ... In this verse, the "counsel" has a different meaning - it indicates the way of life unbelievers have. Advice Advice is statement, which helps the person to make the right decision. It is not as specific as counsel is and has the aim to lead the counseled individual to the right decision. Advice provides several alternatives and individual decides which alternative is more acceptable to him/her (Butler 2003). "Listen now to me and I will give you some advice, and may God be with you. You must be the people's representative before God and bring their disputes to him" (Ex 18:19, Kohlenberger 2001). In this verse the advice is the recommendation but very specific one - the person is recommended to make the specific choice (to become the people's representative) and assume the specific responsibility (to bring the disputes of people to God). "Absalom said to Ahithophel, "Give us your advice. What should we do" (2 Sa 16:20, Kohlenberger 2001). Advice in this verse is self-explained: Absalom asks Ahithophel "what shall we do" - he is asking for the direction in life, the alternative course of act ion. Advice is asked for when someone is aware that some choice has to be done, but he is not able to decide which one is better. "When Hushai came to him, Absalom said, "Ahithophel has given this advice. Should we do what he says If not, give us your opinion" (2 Sa 17:6, Kohlenberger 2001). The meaning of advice in this verse is an alternative, possible course of action. It can be either accepted or rejected by the one who receives it. Bible leaves the right to make decision to the individual, who is the only one to decide what is better for him

Summary about the Patriot Act Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Summary about the Patriot Act - Assignment Example The commitment to expanding the Nation.s legal resources was further expanded in a speech to the FBI promising tools to help increase the Bureau’s ability to track suspects and stop terrorism (Bush, 2001, September 25). The USA PATRIOT act was one of the results of these promises. The Patriot Act has been one of the most controversial and debated legislation in the United States for the last decade. The official name of the Patriot Act is the USA PATRIOT Act, an acronym for Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (H.R. 3162, 2001). As Nunberg (2005) points out, the title of the Patriot Act alone represents a carefully crafted piece of legislation and practically it meant to impact American audience to associate this new law with various positive attributes connected to patriotism. From the legislative perspective, the Patriot Act changes, expands or adds to many existing laws. It normatively expands the power of the presidency, changed the regulations required for gaining permission to use surveillance, altered the regulations required for gaining a warrant, and made it significantly easier for law enforcement agencies to subpoena personal records from a variety of sources (H.R. 3162, 2001) . For instance, the Intelligence Authorization Act for 2004 granted the FBI authority to obtain financial records from various institutions without obtaining a court order. Authorized by Section 2709 (c) of the U. S. A. Patriot Act, the process becomes remarkably simple: the so-called National Security Letter (NSL) is drafted by an FBI field agent and accompanied by his claim that the information sought is relevant to a National security investigation. Virtually unlimited in scope and authority, the letters granted FBI agents authority to retrieve and examine whatever records they felt were pertinent to an investigation. There was no court involvement; there was no

Success of Russian Multinational Corporations Essay

Success of Russian Multinational Corporations - Essay Example The organisation of the Soviet Union explains why the Russian MNCs adopted the export strategy before the establishment of subsidiaries. The other reason for Russian MNCs choice of internalisation strategy was seeking markets for their products and a gaining a good understanding of the market before committing more resources in the form of purchase of subsidiaries. Russian MNCs had to have a feel of the market in terms of profitability and market conditions through export of products, the success in these goals allowed for further investment in terms of purchase of assets and set up of subsidiaries. The need to reveal shareholder structure and ensure transparency in operations affected the ability of Russian MNCs to set up new subsidiaries early in the internalisation strategy owing to the effects of â€Å"cowboy capitalism† (Filippov, 7). However, a better understanding of the market after exports and success in the market allowed the MNCs to purchase subsidiaries. The other reason for the choice of the above-mentioned internalisation strategy was the need to exploit efficiency through seeking channels for economies of scale in production. Producing locally for a large market and supplying through exports was the initial manner in which the Russian MNCs achieved this goal. Understanding the global market and gaining access to resources in the host countries allowing for cheaper production resulted in the acquisition of assets and the subsequent set up of subsidiaries in these markets.

The implications of the European monetary union Essay Example for Free

The implications of the European monetary union Essay In this report, I will be addressing the implications of the European monetary union and the problems Zeus will have in developing their market in Europe. The UK and EMU When the UK decided not to join the European monetary union (EMU) in 1999, it affected UK businesses, especially those who trade within the EU. Does it matter whether sterling is in or out? For many UK Businesses, trading within the EU has become more competitive. After the introduction of the Euro, an Italian company for example, competing for a German companies business could cut 3% of costs due to their common currency, making it harder for UK business to compete. Currently UK businesses are paying à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3bn per year in exchange rates, which hit small firms like Zeus the hardest. Advantages By joining the single currency, British businesses will benefit from a fixed exchange rate allowing businesses to plan and budget for future activities more accurately. Fixed exchange rates will deliver stability and increase confidence that will lead to more investment and jobs. By staying out of the Euro Britain will be at a disadvantage to competitors in the Eurozone who already trade with each other using the same currency. The development of free trade has contributed enormously to the economic prosperity across the EU, with the strong position of the wealthier nations and helping to bring the poorer nations more stability and economic success. The introduction of a single currency removes one of the final barriers to free trade i.e. the transaction costs and the uncertainty involved in currency conversion. The removal of national currencies will encourage cross-border investment since the traditional reluctance of many investors to move their money into a currency other than their own will no longer be a factor. Businesses across the Eurozone will therefore be able to attract more investors from other Eurozone countries, and investment will be based on the competitiveness of a business rather than its nationality. This will increase the pressure on uncompetitive businesses to improve their efficiency. An increase in cross-border mergers and acquisitions will also lead to more streamlined and efficient businesses across the Eurozone. Disadvantages Most of Britain international trade is carried out in US dollars, a currency against which the pound has enjoyed far more stability than has the Euro. The fact that the pound has risen so much against the Euro since the Euros launch is a sign of the Euros weakness. Changeover to the Euro would be endured by all businesses in the UK, whether or not they trade with Eurozone countries. Most British companies, sell to local markets. These firms would still incur the costs of conversion and not see any benefit from the removal of currency transaction costs. While there would be a saving from the absence of currency transactions for exporters, these would be offset by the costs of the changeover. There have been fears that inward investment in British based industry would suffer as a result of staying out of the Euro, the reality has been very different. In 2001 the Office of National Statistics reported that inward investment in Britain for the 2000/2001 financial year was à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½341 billion, an increase of 36% over the previous year. The theory that a single currency will lead to the harmonisation and lowering of prices across Europe seems hard to support. Regional differences in prices are a result of differences in levels of taxation as well as variations in labour, property and transportation costs. The cost of living in different parts of the UK varies considerably, even though all regions share the same currency. Less scrupulous retailers would use the introduction of the Euro to round-up prices, just as they did during decimalization 30 years ago. How This Effects Zeus Being part of the EMU will benefit a small company like Zeus, (see advantages above) however, there are some other factors that Zeus need to be aware of. Promotion and packaging will also have to change. The language and content on the wrapping and will have to that of the country it is being sold in. Health and safety requirements of products would have to meet one standard rather then having to adapt products for different countries, however since Zeus currently trade mainly in the USA they would need to adapt their product to EU standards in order to trade within the community, which might be costly but beneficial. Cost of the Benefit If the UK were to join the EMU, cost increases and reductions will occur. Change of Equipment The costs for UK businesses of abolishing the pound and substituting the euro would be massive notes and coins would need to be replaced, along with cash registers, cash dispensing machines, accounting systems etc. The retail sector would have to undergo a complete renovation of cash systems. The costs of this changeover would affect all businesses in the UK, whether or not they trade with Europe and whether or not they will benefit. Consumers and businesses would have to pay for these costs through higher prices and taxes. It would take years before the trivial day-to-day savings on European transactions outweighed the costs of the changeover. More Competitive Markets The Euro ensures companies will face a more integrated European market. Cross-border trade and investment will be stimulated and competition strengthened in many markets. Businesses who see foreign exchange risk and transaction costs as barriers to cross-border trade are likely to move into new markets once these barriers are removed. New business start-ups may also be encouraged. Transparent Price Differences It will be possible to directly compare prices for the same goods and services in different EU countries and spot the best prices. Despite the SEM, price disparities persist as a result of differential pricing policies, tax rates, transportation costs, national market structures, and perceived product values. The ability for consumers to compare prices will move prices towards the lowest market level and businesses will find it hard to maintain pricing policies by country and currency. Treasury and Finance For many European businesses the Euro will present opportunities for long-term savings altering balance sheets, cash flow management, currency management, and corporate finance. Businesses with units operating in different currencies will be able to record and compare all accounting values, margins, costs, expenditures etc. in one currency. Such transparency may greatly assist in processes of internal planning, accounting, and benchmarking. Foreign Exchange Eurozone firms avoid the risk of exchange rate changes. Exchange rate movements dont impose a penalty but volatility in exchange markets and the unpredictability of rates can be costly. Many firms have opted to hedge exchange risks for long-dated transactions or included a margin in their prices to cover exchange rate movements. Under the single-currency, foreign exchange transaction costs are eliminated on internal dealings with benefits as much as 8% on the total price of industrial goods. Wage Transparency Employees will find it easier to calculate and compare wages between workers in different countries within the same company. Transparency of wages will bring salary convergence closer to reality and increase labour mobility. Variations in salary and remuneration exist today and workers always ask why are they paid that much over there when Im paid this much here?, firms can usually demonstrate difference in taxation, benefits, purchasing power etc. by country and currency. Organisations need to consider how to set fair and competitive remuneration packages in a Euro-denominated environment. Lower Borrowing Costs Its axiomatic with a single currency and single central bank that there will be a single interest rate. Banks will lend in Euros and enterprises will be able to borrow from outside their countries without incurring the risk of exchange rates, reducing borrowings costs. Cost savings may be greatest in countries where Euro interest rates fall below previous rates. The introduction of the Euro should favour the development of new financing methods. Overall, firms should have more choice and flexibility in raising finance and, in many cases, will face lower costs. How This Effects Zeus All these costs are going to affect Zeus and it might be a good idea for Zeus to look into these costs now, if they want to stay trading in years to come. Moving Production Many multi-national companies have expressed misgivings of Britain staying out of the Euro and state it could affect investments in British jobs. Companies want to know the value of the goods they sell from the UK will not decrease due to fluctuations in the exchange rate between Britain and the European countries and the cost of British labour will not rise significantly due to a strengthening pound. However, American, Asian and other foreign companies favour the UK as a base for their European operations because of factors such as culture, language, a de-regulated, business friendly environment, and low levels of taxation and corruption. EMU entry could reduce the cost of capital for UK firms if long-term interest rates fell within the EU and if membership of a larger financial market reduced the cost of finance. These costs could fall for SMEs in particular if joining EMU lowers the barriers which prevent SMEs accessing EU financial markets and lowers the cost of bank lending. Over time, EMU is likely to boost cross-border investment flows and foreign direct investment (FDI) in the Eurozone. The UKs share of total EU FDI flows has fallen, coinciding with the start of EMU, and a corresponding increase in the share of the Eurozone. But against the backdrop of many other influences on FDI flows, its difficult to say EMU has boosted FDI within the Eurozone. Successfully operating EMU and UK membership of it on the right basis, would boost FDI over the longer-term. The longer membership of the euro is delayed, gains of increased inward investment are postponed. If sustainable and durable convergence is achieved, then the quantity and quality of investment would increase. How This Effects Zeus If Zeus was to relocate to Europe, there would be decreased production, transport and currency costs however the initial outlay moving into Europe will be costly but allow Zeus to be in the market they wish to operate in. The skills and expertise of the workforce of that county may not have what Zeus require and may cost more money training employees to the standard required. Moving production into a different country may benefit the company as all countries have differing resources, like labour. Zeus will need to evaluate all the factors involved in moving production and decided wheather it would be beneficial for them. Expansion in Europe With more than half the UKs trade with the EU and increasing integration of product, labour and capital markets, the UKs economic interest is best pursued through a deepening cooperation with other European countries as part of the Governments commitment to a strong EU and a successful EMU. As the Prime Minister said in November 2002: We should have more self-confidence because we are a leading European power, always have been and always will be. However, there are implications to expanding a businesses share in the European market. The Governments objectives These global and European trends are mirrored in the Governments central economic objective for the UK to build a stronger, more enterprising economy and a fairer society, extending economic opportunity and supporting those most in need to ensure that rising national prosperity is shared by all. and strategy Stability, productivity and employment opportunity are the foundations of the Governments economic strategy. Since 1997, the Government has taken tough decisions and introduced wide-ranging reforms to establish a platform of economic stability and to promote work and enterprise, tackle poverty and deliver sustained investment to modernise public services. The Governments decision on UK membership of the single currency must contribute to these objectives. The benefits from adoption to the euro depend on trade integration between the UK and the Eurozone through the elimination of currency fluctuations and transaction costs. The UK has increased trade within the EU since joining. Chart 5.3 shows how UK trade with the EU has risen by 5%. The impact of EMU on UK trade, competition, productivity and growth thorugh substantial possible gains EMU membership could enhance productivity in the medium-term by increasing trade and investment and stimulating competition, also helping to promote economic reform in the EU and encourage specialisation in the longer-term. Therefore, EMU could effect the five key drivers of productivity. Based on broad-based evidence on the impact of trade, it seems reasonable to assume that each 1% increase of trade to GDP increases real GDP per head by at least 1/3 % in the long run and perhaps as much as 2/3 %. In a best case scenario, with stability through sustainable and durable convergence, a long-term increase in trade with the Eurozone at the top of the 5% to 50% range and increased investment spurring competition, UK output could be around 9% higher over 30 years within a successful EMU than outside. This could add around 1/4% a year to GDP growth. but not without sustainable and durable convergence Conditional on the achievement of sustainable and durable convergence between the UK and the euro area. Where it is not assured, the trade benefits from EMU would be likely to be at the lower end of the range, meaning gains to trade and competition from membership could be negligible. Estimates suggest a lack of flexibility and convergence in some EU countries. However, EMU has increased trade within the EU by 3% and 20% since 1999. Volatility and uncertainty resulting from EMU membership in the absence of sustainable and durable convergence could have a negative impact on the actual level of UK output in the long-term. The Governments strategy to tackle the barriers to productivity growth and close the productivity gap, involves continued microeconomic reforms in the UK to target the five key drivers of productivity combined with support at the European level for policies to strengthen competition and the Single Market. How This Effects Zeus Expanding into the European market place has two major implications that Zeus will need to consider. Firstly that since EMU, theres increased competitiveness within the EU and Zeus may find it hard to compete if their strategy and overall business is not strong. And when the 10 new countries enter the EU and join the EMU, it could decrease sales and profits even production as their economies are weaker then the rest of the EU and would affect Zeus expansion into Europe. Political Implications There are as expected, political implications to expansion into the European marketplace. In the UK, taxation on businesses is not as high as other EU countries, as the UK government want to promote economic growth. If the EU were to set the level of interest and taxation for all Eurozone countries it may not be beneficial for all countries or their goals. It could be seen as too much involvement and lack of sovereignty power and could cause bureaucracy and federalism. It could be argued that by joining the EMU the UK would lose its economic and political sovereignty; something the UK is not currently ready to give up for the euro and its benefits. To protect their own interests, countries can restrict imports by putting limitations, subsidies, quota or import duties to imports to protect industries. But this does nothing to protract free trade within the EU. Free trade was developed to increase political and economic stability within the EU. How This Effects Zeus Businesses like Zeus will need to consider political implications. Zeus will benefit from the movement of free trade within the EU, and the low taxation within the UK for businesses, however there are other political issues that Zeus will need to consider whether they stay in the UK or move into Europe. These are; o Social policies ~ health and safety standards, holiday/sick pay, working time directive, working conditions etc. o Environmental requirements ~ such as noise and pollution levels, safety fittings etc. o Technological ~ does the technology meet business requirements? do the workforce know how to use the equipment? etc. Recommendation I would recommend that Zeus stay in the UK. When the 10 new countries join the EU, EMU will be affected and it would be well advised to consider in the future expanding into Poland as they are in the centre of the EU and have a highly skilled and are inexpensive workforce to employ. Currently it would beneficial for Zeus to stay in the UK due to the governments objective to build a stronger economy. I would recommend that Zeus seriously look into moving or expansion into Europe and see how this mirrors with current and demand. Bibliography Books Palmer A, The Business Environment, 2002 Mercado S, European Business, Pitman, 2001 Piggott J, International Business Economics, 1999 Davison Purple, The European Competitive Environment, 1995 Websites www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/business www.gov.org.uk www.offical-documents.co.uk HND UNIT 29: European Business

Makes analysis Essay Example for Free

Makes analysis Essay An interview can be defined as a purposeful discussion between two or more people (Kahn and Cannell, 1957, cited in Saunders et al, 2003). There are several types of interviews, including structured, semi-structured and unstructured. Structured interviews have the advantage of all respondents being asked the same set of questions, which makes analysis of the results easier in terms of comparison and spotting trends. Semi-structured interviews are non-standardised, which indicates that the researcher may simply be using a list of themes and questions that need to be covered, but each interview is different, and will cover different topics, dependant on the variation in respondents. Unstructured interviews are informal and give the interviewer the freedom to discuss any topic, while keeping the research objective the main focus. The interviewee has the freedom to discuss their experiences without being restrained by pre-set questions. The author believes that the most effective interview technique for this type of research is to use structured interviews, with respondents that can be recruited to fit a set quota, which stipulates the age, sex and socio-economic group of each. An interviewer-administered questionnaire is thought to be preferable to a self-administered questionnaire, because of the nature of the questions, which will require the interviewer to record verbatim. A fixed quota requires the interviewer to recruit a preset group of people, and other quota requirements can be set to ensure that the interviewees are in a position to discuss the main topic (i. e. a condition of fulfilling the quota would be having purchased a house within a set time frame). The topics to cover during the interviews could include the interviewees experiences with their mortgage provider and estate agent during the process of buying their house; how they think the process could be improved, and a list of suggestions on how to improve the system, for respondents to select for themselves. By using a combination of open and closed questions, it allows personal opinions to be recorded, and specific attributes to be measured (e. g. the level of satisfaction of service that the mortgage provider offered, using the likert scale). Additional services to be offered would be identified using the research as outlined in section 4. 0. The element of aftercare needs to be considered, as any action recommended by the seller should be undertaken by the buyer, after the sale has completed, e. g. if plumbing is not up to standard, and the buyer has been informed of this, it is their responsibility to fix the problem when the property transfers hands. The proposed service is supposed to make life easier on its customers, by doing all the hard work for them. This may be an easier task once government legislation has passed stipulating the necessity for information to be provided by both parties before offers are made on the property. Changes in the overall process will eventually change the outcome and impact on consumers, but until then, consumers will simply have to cope.

Health Disparities in New Zealand: A Literature Review

Health Disparities in New Zealand: A Literature Review Nateeh R. Cueva   Introduction Health is an integral part in the context of human existence. Each individual’s views regarding health and practices concerning healthcare vary depending on one’s historical, political and economic status, including the level of education, gender and personal experiences.[1] Hence, it is imperative to consider these aforementioned factors affecting health in the healthcare system. The principal objective of this paper is to review the specific historical, cultural, social, educational and economic backgrounds of the Maori people and each corresponding effects to healthcare approach. This paper also aims to investigate the imparity of the Maori and non-Maori health status. As several studies prove health disparities, this paper examines the actions taken to achieve equilibrium in healthcare service delivery among Maori and non-Maori people. Maori History and the Treaty of Waitangi New Zealand’s first east Polynesian settlers discovered the country during the 13th century, approximately 500 years before Europeans became aware of its existence.[2] The tribe is now known as Maori, meaning ‘original’, to characterize their distinction after the Europeans’ arrival. Due to lawlessness and the British government’s goal to protect trading interests, the Treaty of Waitangi was created and signed by several Maori chiefs and British Crown representatives. [3] The Treaty was translated into English and Maori versions containing three articles with substantial interpretation differences.[4] As explained by St. George (2013), the first article in the English version refers to sovereignty. It indicates transfer of power to the British Crown. However, Maori version conveys share of power. Maori used the term â€Å"kawanatanga†, which means setting up of British government without implicating transfer of authority. The second article chiefly safeguards property of rights, concerning â€Å"tino rangatiratanga† or chieftainship. Maori people are granted control and rights over their lands, woodlands, waters, fisheries and other properties in the English version. In contrast, Maori version denotes more extensive rights for Maori, including proprietary and reassurance of cultural and social items like language and villages. The third article warrants the Maori people equal rights as the British subjects. Regardless of the differences, the two versions of the Treaty are legitimate as they were both signed (St. George, 2013). Although protecting Maori health is part of the objectives of the Treaty, the population decline in the 1800’s proved past neglect on its principles. Basing on the data presented by Wishart (2012), Maori population went as low as 43,927 in 1886 while non-Maori migration constantly increased. The land wars between Maori and Pakeha (non-Maori) as well as the diseases introduced by the increasing migration had also caused devastating effects to Maori population (Durie, as cited in Kingi, 2007). After a major Maori protest, the Waitangi Tribunal was established in 1975 to investigate Crown breaches to the Treaty of Waitangi.[5] Its goal is to consider the principles of the Treaty upon making decisions rather than the mere conflicting interpretations of both English and Maori versions. This had led to compensation grants, return of lands and financial recompense to tribal authorities for economic development. Subsequently, the Maori population dramatically recovered to over half a million during the 20th century (St. George, 2013). St. George further elaborated that the Treaty has three key principles relating to Maori health: partnership, participation and protection. Partnership basically means working with Maori communities in developing strategic health care practices for the community. Participation is the act of involving the Maori people upon planning and during healthcare services delivery. Protection is ensuring equality on Maori and non-Maori health status while considering Maori cultural concepts, values, and practices. Culture and Impact on Health Culturally-based beliefs, values and attitude relating to health influence engagement to health-promoting activities and access to health services. As non-Maori population continuously surged, healthcare services became highly Pakeha-dominated.[6] This led Maori on becoming suspicious about health services rendered by hospitals because of cultural reasons. The Maori cultural health perspective is holistic. It comprises four cornerstones of health: wairua (spiritual), hinengaro (psychological), tinana (physical) and whà ¤nau (extended family).[7] Maori’s concepts of tapu (sacred, restricted) and noa (free from tapu or unrestricted), the basis of law and order during pre-European time, interrelate with today’s Maori health environment. In terms of daily activities, this entails that food (noa) should be placed separately from bodily functions like faeces (tapu). Practices and healthcare services that do not mirror these cultural concepts receive lesser support and often distress the Maori community. As Maori slowly embrace Pakeha-predominated health services, traditional Maori health practices largely remained (Lange, 2012). These health practices, though helpful in some cases, oftentimes risk patient safety and jeopardize medical treatment when opposed or delayed in consideration to cultural beliefs. Maori Socioeconomic Status and Health Socioeconomic status, basing on aspects such as income, education and occupation, is a fundamental element of health. Studies prove that favourable living condition is closely relevant to better health quality.[8] Health disparity can be brought about by material poverty, poor nutrition, mediocre housing standards and stress resulting from low social and economic status. Health services fees further hinder medical treatment access. Statistics New Zealand (as cited in Marie, Fergusson Boden, 2010) supports well documented studies proving that Maori are at greater socioeconomic disadvantage than any New Zealanders by ethnicity. This socioeconomic deprivation likely predisposes Maori to poor health conditions and limit healthcare access. Health Disparity and Inequality Regardless of the efforts to apply the Principles of the Treaty to health development, health inequality and disproportion among Maori and non-Maori is still evident. Studies prove that Maori are underprivileged in terms of health among any New Zealand ethnic groups, showing higher morbidity and mortality rates.[9] Blakely, Fawcett, Atkinson, Tobias and Cheung (as cited in St. George, 2013) stated that Maori infants have lower birth weight and die more frequently from sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) than non-Maori. Brown (as cited in St. George, 2013) also added that Maori die eight to ten years earlier, on average, with avoidable death rates twice as much compared to non-Maori. New Zealand’s cancer death rate is greater than Australia, consisting of two thirds male Maori and one quarter Maori female deaths (Skegg and McCredie, as cited in St. George, 2013). Obesity in Maori community is also of greater proportion, contributing to higher rates of diabetes (Ministry of Heal th, as cited in St. George, 2013). These data show that Maori are more susceptible to illnesses and their lesser access to health services is detrimental. According to Durie (as cited in St. George, 2013), the suboptimal Maori health status pose negative effects on the community’s outlook of the healthcare system as a whole. This may lead to stereotyping healthcare system basing on their less suitable health situations and experiences. Studies further claimed Maori being treated differently in the healthcare setting. As per findings of the 2001—02 National Primary Medical Care Survey (as cited in St. George, 2013), doctors spent only 2 minutes out of 12 minute consultation time or 17% less time on caring for Maori than non-Maori patients. Racism also affects Maori health status (Harris, as cited in St. George, 2013), suggesting that the greater the number of racial discrimination experiences, Maori self perceived health status becomes lesser. Maori Health Development and Addressing Inequalities During the 20th century, eliminating inequalities became a considerable section of government health policy and statutory obligation of district health boards (Pollock, 2012). Social welfare policies and intersectoral activities promoting health equality such as retrofitting and housing insulation were implemented. The New Zealand Public Health and Disability Act 2000 absolves the Treaty of Waitangi and Maori health (Blakely Simmers, 2011). Health programmes and healthcare service delivery focus on Maori and low socioeconomic people. Constant monitoring on health inequalities and research conduction allowed better understanding of health disparities and progress tracking. The increasing awareness on health inequalities concerning Maori people paved way to more improved funding on health services addressing deprivation and ethnicity. As a result, immunization rates soared, smoking cessation rates increased and improved Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular risk management.[10] The policies relevant to health equity strongly develop Maori health status and healthcare service access. Conclusion Health is indeed affected by several determining factors that can enhance or diminish quality of life. Historical, political, cultural, educational and socioeconomic backgrounds are crucial aspects to consider in delivering effective health services that support health equality. Looking into the health disparities affecting Maori people, it is unacceptable in the context of medical practice to provide partial health services basing on individual’s ethnicity, cultural beliefs, values and economic status. While it is a fact that traditional practices can hinder medical treatment and healthcare goal achievement, better ways and policies should be implemented to meet the greater Maori health needs. The Maori culture, being the first settlers in New Zealand, has become an indispensable component of the country’s society. For Maori to live longer, achieve healthier lives and contribute to the society at their utmost potential, the root causes of inequalities ought to be rightfully addressed. In the same manner, may the past mistakes and neglect be a grounding lesson to further strengthen the efforts to eliminate health disparities. May impartial health services prevail and be maintained for Maori, non-Maori and other ethnicity of different backgrounds alike. References Blakely, T., Simmers, D. (2011). Fact and action sheets on health inequalities. New Zealand Medical Association. Retrieved from http://www.nzma.org.nz/sites/all/files/Marmot_factsheets.pdf Capital and Coast District Health Board. (2009). Tikanga Mà ¤ori: A guide for healthcare workers. Retrieved from http://www.ccdhb.org.nz/news/Tikanga Maori.pdf Derby, M. (2012). Waitangi tribunal – te rÃ…Â pÃ…Â « whakamana. Te, Ara the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, 1-6. Retrieved from http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/waitangi-tribunal-te-ropu- whakamana/page-1 Kingi, T. R. (2007). The treaty of Waitangi: A framework for MÄ ori health development. New Zealand Journal of Occupational Therapy, 54(1), 4-10. Retrieved from http://www.nzaot.com/downloads/contribute/TheTreatyofWaitangiAFrameworkforMaoriHealth.pdf Lange, R. (2014). Te hauora MÄ ori i mua – history of MÄ ori health Pre-European health. Te, Ara the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, 1-6. Retrieved from http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/te-hauora-maori-i-mua-history-of-maori-health/page-1 Marie D., Fergusson, D.M., Boden, J.M. (2010). Does socio-economic inequality explain ethnic differences in nicotine dependence? Evidence from a New Zealand birth cohort. Australian New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, (44), 378-383. Retrieved from http://www.otago.ac.nz/christchurch/otago014477.pdf Meredith, P., Higgins, R. (2012). KÄ wanatanga – MÄ ori engagement with the state: Defining kÄ wanatanga. Te Ara the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, 1-5. Retrieved from http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/kawanatanga-maori-engagement-with-the-state Health Promotion Forum of New Zealand. (2002). TUHA–NZ: A treaty understanding of Hauora in Aotearoa-New Zealand. Retrieved from http://www.hauora.co.nz/assets/files/Maori/Tuhanzpdf.pdf New Zealand History. (2012). Differences between the texts: Read the treaty. Retrieved from http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/politics/treaty/read-the-Treaty/differences-between-the-texts New Zealand History. (2012). Signing the treaty. Retrieved from http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/politics/treaty/making-the-treaty/signing-the-treaty Pollock, K. (2012). Health and society: Socio-economic status, ethnicity and health inequality. Te Ara the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, 1-5. Retrieved from http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/health-and-society St. George, I. (Ed.). (2013). Cole’s medical practice in New Zealand. New Zealand: Medical Council of New Zealand. Wilson, J. (2013). MÄ ori arrival and settlement. Te Ara the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, 1-7. Retrieved from http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/history/ Wishart, I. (2012). Waitangi researcher asked to lie by government agency. Investigate Daily. Retrieved from http://www.investigatemagazine.co.nz/Investigate/2717/waitangi- researcher-asked-to-lie-by-govt-agency/?doing_wp_cron=1401700328.4694170951843261718750 Glossary Hinengaro the mental health Kawanatanga governorship PÄ kehÄ  – non-Moari, usually of British ethnic origin Tinana the physical health Tino rangatiratanga absolute sovereignty Wairua the spiritual health Whà ¤nau extended family [1] Health Promotion Forum of New Zealand. (2002). TUHA–NZ: A treaty understanding of Hauora in Aotearoa-New Zealand. Retrieved from http://www.hauora.co.nz/assets/files/Maori/Tuhanzpdf.pdf [2] Wilson, J. (2013). MÄ ori arrival and settlement. Te Ara the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, 1-7. Retrieved from http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/history/ [3] New Zealand History. (2012). Signing the treaty. Retrieved from http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/politics/treaty/making-the-treaty/signing-the-treaty [4] New Zealand History. (2012). Differences between the texts: Read the treaty. Retrieved from http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/politics/treaty/read-the-Treaty/differences-between-the-texts [5] Derby, M. (2012). Waitangi tribunal – te rÃ…Â pÃ…Â « whakamana. Te, Ara the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, 1-6. Retrieved from http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/waitangi-tribunal-te-ropu-whakamana/page-1 [6] Lange, R. (2014). Te hauora MÄ ori i mua – history of MÄ ori health Pre-European health. Te, Ara the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, 1-6. Retrieved from http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/te-hauora-maori-i-mua-history-of-maori-health/page-1 [7] Capital and Coast District Health Board. (2009). Tikanga Mà ¤ori: A guide for healthcare workers. Retrieved from http://www.ccdhb.org.nz/news/Tikanga Maori.pdf [8] Pollock, K. (2012). Health and society: Socio-economic status, ethnicity and health inequality. Te Ara the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, 1-5. Retrieved from http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/health-and-society/page-2 [9] St. George, I. (Ed.). (2013). Cole’s medical practice in New Zealand. New Zealand: Medical Council of New Zealand. [10] Blakely, T., Simmers, D. (2011). Fact and action sheets on health inequalities. New Zealand Medical Association. Retrieved from http://www.nzma.org.nz/sites/all/files/Marmot_factsheets.pdf

Batik Essay -- essays research papers

Batik   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Elaborately decorated fabrics and patterns can be seen almost everywhere in the world today. Batiking is a type of decorated fabric, which usually depicts motifs of flowers, birds, butterflies and other natural objects, or simple geometric forms. These designs are rich in symbolic heritage and variety; to date there are over three thousand recorded batik patterns. To perform the art of batiking, one must know a little about its origin, the necessary materials, and the method of creating a batik.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The technique of â€Å"batik† itself is Indonesian in origin; the word â€Å"batik† is an Indonesian-Malay word that means â€Å"to dot.† The art of batiking is more than a millennium old. There are evidences that cloth decorated through a form of resistant technique was used early AD in West African, Middle-Eastern, and Asian communities. Over the past two or three centuries, batik has become one of the best means of expression, spiritually and culturally, in the values of Southeast Asia. This means of coloring and decorating textiles has even reached a higher degree of excellence in the island of Java. From Java, batik cloth has been exported to many other islands, spreading the batiking art around, which is how it is so well known, as are most of the items used to create it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A number of different materials are used when creating a batik. The primary requirements are cloth, wax, various colored dyes a...

Ethical Dilemmas in Psychology Essay -- Psychology

Francis Bacon helped to pioneer the new science steering people away from Aristotelian teachings. He helped to bring the scientific method to a place of learning from observation and experimentation. He felt that science should be judged by the usefulness of the results (Greenwood, 2009). Bacon projected that many great things might come out of this empirical approach, but what has ensued in the centuries that followed, Bacon and others might not have predicted. Since Bacon and others pushed for a more empirical approach, numerous discoveries have been made. During this scientific revolution throughout the 16th century was categorized with big advances such as the making of new lenses by Galileo, Kepler and Huygens leading to new information about the stars and space, Magellan circumnavigating the earth, Columbus discovering the Americas, Gutenberg’s printing press advancing literature rapidly, and a religious reformation by Martin Luther that changed the church indefinitely (Graham, 2009). The scientific revolution continued far into the 17th century which was categorized with major findings in mathematics with Leibnitz and Newton independently discovering Calculus, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek discovered bacteria, William Harvey published his findings on the circulatory system, Newton’s laws of motion, and continued work on understanding the universe (Wikipedia Selection for schools – 17th century, 2008/9). The 18th centu ry saw the invention of the steam engine which opened up the way for steel production, the discovery of photosynthesis, and the spinning jenny leading to the industrial revolution (Wikipedia Selection for schools – 18th century, 2008/9). More inventions and discoveries epitomized the 19th century which saw m... ...0062 Redlich, A. D. (2007). Double jeopardy in the interrogation room for youths with mental illness. American Psychologist. doi:10.1037/0003-066X62.6.609 Welch, M. (2010). Illusions in truth seeking: the perils of interrogation and torture in the war on terror. Social Justice, 37(2/3), 123-148. Retrieved from http://www.socialjusticejournal.org/fliers/37-2-3flier.html Wikipedia Selection for schools (2008/9). 17th century. Retrieved from http://schools-wikipedia.org/wp/1/17th_century.htm Wikipedia Selection for schools (2008/9). 18th century. Retrieved from http://schools-wikipedia.org/wp/1/18th_century.htm Wikipedia Selection for schools (2008/9). 19th century. Retrieved from http://schools-wikipedia.org/wp/1/19th_century.htm Wikipedia Selection for schools (2008/9). 20th century. Retrieved from http://schools-wikipedia.org/wp/2/20th_century.htm Ethical Dilemmas in Psychology Essay -- Psychology Francis Bacon helped to pioneer the new science steering people away from Aristotelian teachings. He helped to bring the scientific method to a place of learning from observation and experimentation. He felt that science should be judged by the usefulness of the results (Greenwood, 2009). Bacon projected that many great things might come out of this empirical approach, but what has ensued in the centuries that followed, Bacon and others might not have predicted. Since Bacon and others pushed for a more empirical approach, numerous discoveries have been made. During this scientific revolution throughout the 16th century was categorized with big advances such as the making of new lenses by Galileo, Kepler and Huygens leading to new information about the stars and space, Magellan circumnavigating the earth, Columbus discovering the Americas, Gutenberg’s printing press advancing literature rapidly, and a religious reformation by Martin Luther that changed the church indefinitely (Graham, 2009). The scientific revolution continued far into the 17th century which was categorized with major findings in mathematics with Leibnitz and Newton independently discovering Calculus, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek discovered bacteria, William Harvey published his findings on the circulatory system, Newton’s laws of motion, and continued work on understanding the universe (Wikipedia Selection for schools – 17th century, 2008/9). The 18th centu ry saw the invention of the steam engine which opened up the way for steel production, the discovery of photosynthesis, and the spinning jenny leading to the industrial revolution (Wikipedia Selection for schools – 18th century, 2008/9). More inventions and discoveries epitomized the 19th century which saw m... ...0062 Redlich, A. D. (2007). Double jeopardy in the interrogation room for youths with mental illness. American Psychologist. doi:10.1037/0003-066X62.6.609 Welch, M. (2010). Illusions in truth seeking: the perils of interrogation and torture in the war on terror. Social Justice, 37(2/3), 123-148. Retrieved from http://www.socialjusticejournal.org/fliers/37-2-3flier.html Wikipedia Selection for schools (2008/9). 17th century. Retrieved from http://schools-wikipedia.org/wp/1/17th_century.htm Wikipedia Selection for schools (2008/9). 18th century. Retrieved from http://schools-wikipedia.org/wp/1/18th_century.htm Wikipedia Selection for schools (2008/9). 19th century. Retrieved from http://schools-wikipedia.org/wp/1/19th_century.htm Wikipedia Selection for schools (2008/9). 20th century. Retrieved from http://schools-wikipedia.org/wp/2/20th_century.htm

Hands: Paranoia :: essays research papers fc

Hands: Paranoia It seems that in all three of these works there is a sense of paranoia. In "Hands" a man is fearful of what might happen if he continues to do as he has done in the past, touch people. A terrible fear of what a small touch could lead to. In the story "Eveline" a young woman is confused about what to do with her life. Whether to go with a man she thinks she loves or stay with her father. In the poem "Summer Solstice, New York City" This man is made crazy and paranoid because of something. That something has driven this man to the point of casting his body over the edge of a building. Straight from the text of Hands, a story about a man and his paranoia of his own hands. An example of Wing Biddlebaums fear. "Wing Biddlebaum forever frightened and beset by a ghostly band of doubts."(p. 882) Adolf Myers, or Wing, as the town people called him, was a dreamer, he wanted others to dream with him and experience what he did. "Adolf Myers walked into the evening or had sat talking until dusk upon the school steps lost in a dream."(p. 884) "In a way the voice and hands, the stroking of shoulders and the touching of hair were a part of the school Master's effort to carry a dream into the young minds."(p. 884) This is a man that was run out of a town for something that was not a bad thing. Nor was this something intended the wrong way. Mr. Myers did touch only to pass on something great, a dream. Mr. Myers was run from a town. "They intended to hang the school master."(p. 885) "As he ran away in the darkness they repented their weakness and ran after him."(p. 885) Mr. Myers was so paranoid about touching someone he would do anything to keep his hands from doing so. "When he talked to George Willard, Wing Biddlebaum closed his fist and beat with them upon a table or on the walls of his house."(p. 882) Once Wing did let that one thing that he tried so hard not to do happen. He touched someone, when he realized it I feel that the paranoia set in. "For once he forgot his hands. Slowly they stole their way upon George Willard's shoulders."(p. 883) "With a conclusive move of his body Wing sprang to his feet and thrust his hands deep in his pockets." "Tears came to his eyes." "I must be getting home, I can Hands: Paranoia :: essays research papers fc Hands: Paranoia It seems that in all three of these works there is a sense of paranoia. In "Hands" a man is fearful of what might happen if he continues to do as he has done in the past, touch people. A terrible fear of what a small touch could lead to. In the story "Eveline" a young woman is confused about what to do with her life. Whether to go with a man she thinks she loves or stay with her father. In the poem "Summer Solstice, New York City" This man is made crazy and paranoid because of something. That something has driven this man to the point of casting his body over the edge of a building. Straight from the text of Hands, a story about a man and his paranoia of his own hands. An example of Wing Biddlebaums fear. "Wing Biddlebaum forever frightened and beset by a ghostly band of doubts."(p. 882) Adolf Myers, or Wing, as the town people called him, was a dreamer, he wanted others to dream with him and experience what he did. "Adolf Myers walked into the evening or had sat talking until dusk upon the school steps lost in a dream."(p. 884) "In a way the voice and hands, the stroking of shoulders and the touching of hair were a part of the school Master's effort to carry a dream into the young minds."(p. 884) This is a man that was run out of a town for something that was not a bad thing. Nor was this something intended the wrong way. Mr. Myers did touch only to pass on something great, a dream. Mr. Myers was run from a town. "They intended to hang the school master."(p. 885) "As he ran away in the darkness they repented their weakness and ran after him."(p. 885) Mr. Myers was so paranoid about touching someone he would do anything to keep his hands from doing so. "When he talked to George Willard, Wing Biddlebaum closed his fist and beat with them upon a table or on the walls of his house."(p. 882) Once Wing did let that one thing that he tried so hard not to do happen. He touched someone, when he realized it I feel that the paranoia set in. "For once he forgot his hands. Slowly they stole their way upon George Willard's shoulders."(p. 883) "With a conclusive move of his body Wing sprang to his feet and thrust his hands deep in his pockets." "Tears came to his eyes." "I must be getting home, I can

Women and Enlightenment within the Jain Religion

Jain religion is of Indian orientation and involves rediscovering the Dharma, which is a person's virtuous path or righteous duty. Dharma is a concept used when explaining ultimate reality or higher truth in the universe. Jains are people who follow Tirthankaras' teachings, and there are twenty four special Jinas. The Jain religion inspires people to be spiritually developed through enhancing their self control and personal wisdom. The main goal of this religion is to realize the true nature of the soul. There are three gems to Jainism, and they are the conduct, knowledge as well as the right and true perception. Jainism aims at liberating the followers from universal cycles of birth and death. The liberated followers are called siddha, and the ones struggling to be liberated are called samsarin. The samsarins have to follow teachings of Jinas in order to become siddha, through attaining Moksha, which is the liberation from karma. Jainism teaches that Dharma and the Universe have no ending and beginning but encounters cyclical changes. The worldly soul (samsarin) is seen to take various forms that include plant and animal form, human being, hell being and deity. It is different from most religions due to the fact that it does not believe in God or a divine creator, destroyer or preserver. It believes that every soul has potential to be divine and that Siddhas who eliminate karmic bonding completely, are seen to either be close to or have achieved consciousness of God . History. The earliest documented leader of Jainism is Parshvanatha, who is said by scholars to have lived during the 9th Century. During the 6th Century, Vardhamana was regarded as a very influential Jainism teacher . He had followers who followed his teachings and doctrines. They also interacted with him so that they could achieve enlightenment. His followers called him Jina, which refers to conqueror. Kalinga, which in the modern day is Osiaji and Orissa, had many Jains who lived there. This faith was briefly disrupted by Mahapadma, who conquered the place and took Rishabhanatha's statue. However, Kharvela who was an emperor, conquered Magatha, taking the statue of Rishabhanatha. Udaygiri and Khandagiri caves are the only remnants of Jain monuments since the wood buildings were destroyed. Jainism is a dominant philosophical, cultural, political and social force in Asia since civilization. It has influence in Hinduism and Buddhism since the ancient history. There is a close association between Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism. The connection between Buddhism and Jainism traces its roots to the origins of Buddhism, since Jainism was prevailing at the time . Hinduism on the other hand shares certain common philosophies with some Jain sects. Laity in Jainism performed roles that were very similar to those performed by monks including religious privileges and duties, which served to unite the two religions. This ensured that they did not change for many centuries, though the fact that Buddhism had lesser demands for laymen, made it change several times. Jainism is one of smallest religions in the world since it has slightly over 10 million followers. However, the fact that these followers are distributed all over India, makes the religion significant. Other Jain communities are concentrated in United kingdom, the United States, East Africa and Canada. Digambara and Svetambara traditions. The Jain sangha, which encompasses monks, laymen and women, and nuns, is split between two major sects called the Digambara and the Svetambara sects. It is believed by historians that the split occurred in 5th Century after the chief monk Bhadrabahu led over 10,000 Digambara followers into South India after foreseeing famine. After a decade of being away, they returned and broke away from the Svetambara sect . However, there are minimal differences between the sects. Digambara monks believe that clothing leads to dependence on material possessions and therefore they do not wear them. On the other hand, Svetambara monks wear seamless white clothes, since Jain scripture does not forbid the use of clothing . Jain organization. One of the factors that led to the existence of this community from the ancient to the modern times is its organization. Initially, there were four classes in society which were said to have originated from the arms, feet, thighs and mouth of Brahman, their creator. They were the Rajanya, Sudra, Vaisya and Brahman. The Brahman was the superior class of all the classes. These classes had different rules that governed each of them. The Brahmin class was given unusual importance and other classes were neglected, which made the classes develop rivalry. There was also prevalent social discrimination and inequality due to the presence of these classes. This made Mahavira oppose the groupings and later Jaina Archaryas also joined in the opposition. Soon the society was divided into four groups, but based on activities that the people carried out. The four groups were; the male ascetics or Sadhus, the female ascetics or Sadhvis, the male laity or Shravakas and the female laity or Shravikas. These groups have close relations and have similar religious vows that are applicable to them. They made everyone have equal opportunities regardless of their birth or class and they were free to change classes with choice, unlike before. The people who wished to follow the religion while still living in households were referred to as sravikas and sravakas, if they were females and males respectively. Those who chose to leave the households and become ascetics were referred to as sadhvis and sadhus if they were females and males respectively. The classes emphasized on behavior modes and individual character and no one was degraded or neglected as they could do professions of their choice. Women's religious emancipation. Before the introduction of Jainism, women were regarded as Sudras, the lowest social class. Women were barred from undertaking investment and initiation in religious passages. They were also seen to be irrelevant to religious threads which were sacred. According to passages of the past, people were discouraged from seeing women, dead bodies and Sudras among other things. This shows that they were taken to be a curse, which could be equated to a dead body. They were degraded and neglected by the society and they had no religious role to play in society. Tirthankra Mahavira changed all this by treating females and males equally. Regarding religion, he made sure that the rules that regulated the conduct of both sexes were the same, and both had equal opportunities to practise religious duties, read sacred texts, practice penance, vratas among other practices. Women were also given equal chances with men regarding the entrance to the ascetic order. He ensured that females were free to join the ascetic order regardless of whether candidates who were being admitted were aristocracy members, societal common run or royal consorts. This led to many women joining the ascetic order. For instance, in Tirthankara the figures for sadhus and sadhvis were 14,000 and 36,000 respectively and those for Sravaks and Sravikas were 100,000 and 300,000 respectively. This shows that the number of women was more than that of men in cases of both ascetics and householders. This reflects the eagerness that women had in using the opportunity to learn about religion. In fact, Jydesta and Chandana both of who were queen Trisaladevi's younger sisters, Mahavira's mother and their uncle's wife, Yasasvati entered the Mahavira's ascetic order. In the long run, Chandana became the female ascetic leader, which showed that women had an equal opportunity to make high achievements. Most of them became preachers and teachers due to these opportunities. Jain ascetism. Ascetism in Jainism involves renouncing possessions and materials. Jain ascetics do not also participate in any violence whatsoever. They do not hurt any insect or human and carry special brooms that brush off any insects that they encounter. Some even wear protection over their mouths so that they can avoid hurting insects or germs accidentally. They do not also use devices, machines or electricity since they perceive it to be violence. Jain ascetics always travel barefoot, sleep on floors without coverings, and use certain platforms for sitting. These ascetics only eat vegetarian diet that does not include roots. Some ascetics meditate on hill tops or around rivers according to the mental and physical limits of the ascetics. Jain ascetics are celibate and they do not share platforms or touch. They also move from place to place to prevent becoming attached to a particular place. When ascetics feel that death is imminent, such as when having terminal illness or advanced ages, most of them prefer a detached and peaceful death where water, food and medicine are abandoned. Shvetambara and Digambara ascetics. The monks in Schetambara sect solicit for alms from people in households and do not cook food. It is however important to note that they do not beg for it; they accept food only from people whose mind is pure and when such food is offered willingly and in the right manner. In such circumstances, the monks eats a measly amount while standing. Monks and nuns in this cult only own a bowl used for collecting alms and eating, and white robes. Meanwhile, those in the Digambara sect eat one meal each day. The male monks in this sect walk nude and only carry soft brooms (pinchi), which are made from feathers of peacocks and a water jug. Nuns however dress in white robes. They also do not use utensils when eating, and they use their hands. Their belief teaches them that Mahavir was unmarried, unlike the Shvetambars. Women enlightenment. Jainism to a large extent treated women using similar ethical codes as men. The ethical codes used involve five virtues that speak against various vices. These codes are SATYA, which advocates for truth, AHIMSA which advocates for non-violence, ACHAURYA which advocates for non-stealing, APARIGRAH which advocates for non-possessiveness and BRAHMACHARYA which advocates for the purity of the mind and body. These ethical codes are equally applicable for both men and women. Jainism taught both women and men to help each other and perform common roles. These roles were geared towards preserving the environment and improving welfare of mankind. Both women and men were also responsible for their moral conduct. Due to the biological differences between women and men, together with society's gender stereotyping, roles for women and men differed in the cultural and social setup. This was not meant to be discriminatory, since Jainism viewed women and men equally in terms of concern for welfare of their families and children, and also in terms of playing of their roles. The inherent change in the patriarchal society does not undermine Jainism's view of equality between the sexes. Jainism even had some nuns who were included in the religious practice, since the inception of this religion. However, some questions have been raised about equality between women and men regarding the issue of spirituality in Jainism. Some people of the view that there is inequality when it comes to spirituality, since women are hindered from growing spiritually and religiously due to the fact that they are female. Some people even went to the extent of perceiving women to be impure due to their femininity. Further evidence of this perception is given by the culture of the Digambara sect. This sect does not believe that a woman can achieve Moksha, or liberation from Karma, during the same birth. This is explained by the fact that in the Digambara sect, asceticism requires one to be nude, which is impractical in the real world as it would expose them to rape and attacks by men. This is also due to the fact that Jainism does not allow women to appear naked. There is also the belief that a woman cannot attain the level of siddha. This is because they are perceived to be unable to lead a true ascetic lifestyle since they are prohibited from being nude, yet Digambaras perceive clothing as worldly possessions. The fact that women could not free themselves from the ‘bondage' of clothing was perceived to mean that they could not be free of fear and shame that arose from their nakedness. Some women, in their quest to achieve enlightenment, are of the view that they should first move out of the female form. Thereafter, they should move towards the form of God after which they can take the male form. After attaining the male form, they can now be able to attain kaivalya. Inequality between male and female enlightenment. Some scholars, are of the view that the real reason why women cannot achieve the highest level of enlightenment is not limited to their clothing. He says that in most religions, including the Digambaras sect, women are perceived to represent the transient and illusory material world (maya), that the religion seeks to renounce. This perception can be attributed to the fact that society has a form of gynophobia. The perception is also rooted to bodily processes and sexuality that that women experience, such as reproduction and menstruation. In fact, Yuktiprabodha summarized the Digambar sect's view on the issue by saying that the female species have impure bodies, which is shown by menstruation, each month. They view menstruation as a form of destroying organisms which goes against their belief . The union of males and females is seen to also destroy organisms in female reproductive parts. Sexual intercourse is compared with insertion of a hot iron rod to a hollow tube which has sesame seeds, thereby destroying them. Another Jain ascetic, Rajcandra also said that everything that resides in the body of a woman is contemptuous. He continued to say that pleasure derived from them is momentary and causes repeated excitement and exhaustion. Women are also viewed as temptations and snares for men who are in pursuit of spirituality. Another reason that women were not given the opportunity in the Digambarans sect lies with the fact that they viewed the role of women as restricted to household duties. This was viewed as the religious and moral duty of women. Actions of women are viewed as primarily to take care of the welfare of the household, husband, kin and assist him in performing duties to deities and ancestors. For instance, the smtiris and Dharmashastras believe that women attain salvation through performance of motherly and wifely duties. There is a further view that renunciation of these roles by women seeking to achieve Moksha would mean that the capacity of women to reproduce would be altered. This would disrupt sansara's normative order. These are reasons that made women nuns be given subordinate roles when compared with the monks. These practices are shared not only in Jainism but also in other religions like Buddhism. Buddha was also reluctant to allow women to enter the samgha, and Buddhist literature portrayed nuns in negative light, in comparison to lay women. Generally, it is difficult for women to become enlightened since their bodies are perceived to be a focus of sexual desire and violence. Asceticism is thus taken to be masculine and defines retention of semen as one of its components. This is achieved through rigorous training and self control. In women, it is achieved through abstinence and fasting. Svembatara sect. Svetambara sect on the other hand believes that it is possible for women to achieve the level of Moksha. This is supported by the fact that sadhus are allowed to wear clothing, which means that women are not discriminated against . Though some Svetambaras view women as inferior to them, most of them do not. In fact, Mallinath who was a Tirthankar was actually female, according to Svetambara, though Digambara perceive Mallinath as male. Other influential female religious leaders were Rishabha's mother Marudevi and Mahavira's mother Trishala. There have also been allegations that monks in both sects have lesser restrictions than nuns. The role of women is however still significant, since evidence shows that the number of female ascetics is greater than that of males. There is also additional evidence that shows of other roles that they played, especially for lay-women. The lay-women for instance had important roles of transmitting values to their families. They also had the responsibility of preparation of food and offering it as alms to ascetics. They had a role to play in religion with evidence showing that they chanted and sung religious hymns. Finally, they used to narrate Jain stories to children. Conclusion. Jain religion has been seen to aim for spiritual growth through detachment from earthly possessions and living a life that helps mankind and protects the environment. Jain been seen to provide freedom to its followers to either leave their households and dedicate their lives to serving the religion or to undertake the same while doing their daily day to day activities. It has been seen to avoid violence to any being, both humans, animals or insects. Jainism has also been seen to be fair to all sexes, providing them with an equal opportunity to participate in religion regardless of their class in society. However, the level of enlightenment for women in the two sects is slightly different. The main reason for this difference originates from material possessions and clothing. Digambarans have been seen to be particularly restrictive of women's participation in religion and their reach of the level of Moksha, since they perceive that the fact that they wear clothing is a hindrance to their attaining purity. This has also been seen to be an excuse for other underlying issues relating to the female bodies. Menstruation and reproduction have been seen to be a form of violence and desire that Jainism faith is against . The perception that violence originates from bodies of women makes them unfit for achieving moksha. On the other hand, Svetambaras are seen to be more accommodating to women in religion, since they recognize that Jain teachings do not hinder anyone from wearing clothing. Other differences between the sects are seen to be minor, except the fact that they differ in the assertion that Mahavir was married and also the origins of his mother. The two sects are seen to be similar in their detachment from earthly possessions and their commitment in the Jain teachings. In my opinion, Jain faith as much as possible to be fair to women, and accord them equal chances to be ascetics, as men. However, the Digambarans are quite unfair to women, since the nature of their bodies is beyond their control. In menstruation makes women impure, questions can be raised on the body processes of removing waste, from both sexes. The Digambarans should be more accommodative to women and allow them too have a chance of attaining moksha, since every human being came from a woman's womb.

“Mob Scene” Commentary Essay

During the mob scene in To Kill A Mockingbird, author Harper Lee uses juxtaposition of light and dark imagery to convey the contrast that exists between good and evil. Through this comparison, the suspenseful and tense mood is portrayed strongly to the reader. Throughout the scene, dark shadows are vividly associated with the theme of evil, and the mob. The first evidence that clearly builds suspense about the mob is â€Å"shadows became substance as lights revealed solid shapes†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (202). This quote server to keep the readers mind thinking about how the mob might actually look. Since Harper Lee leaves a neutral expression on the mobs faces, the reader can make their own interpretation on the mobs facial expression, and how they look. Solid shapes may also be a sign of evil or harmful beings since there are not any physical features associated to the body. By saying the bodies were dark solid shapes, a suspenseful mood is made and portrayed to the reader. As the tense mood arises throughout the mob scene, Scout, Jem and Dill decide to go help out Atticus. â€Å"I pushed myself through dark smelly bodies and burst into the circle of light.† (203). In this part of the scene, innocent Scout pushes her way through the dark mob, finding herself in a circle of light with Atticus. The dark mob, and the circle of light in which Atticus sits, makes a very distinct barrier of good and evil. Atticus being the â€Å"good guy† sits and guards his defendant Tom Robinson in the circle of light while the dark smelly bodies of the mob plan to murder them both. Having both sides with different opinions, intentions and colour description, portrays the tense mood. The final evidence from the mob scene that displays a contrast of good and evil is when Atticus, Scout, Jem and Dill leave the dangerous mob. â€Å"As they passed under a streetlight, Atticus reached out and massaged Jem’s hair, his one gesture of affection.† (207) This quote shows a reappearing sign of hope and goodness. Even though Atticus demanded Jem and the others to go back home (for their own good), without being successful, Atticus still loves his boy and cares for him. Harper Lee purposefully shows Atticus’s sign of  kindness to demonstrate that light is a symbol of kindheartedness and morality. In conclusion, Harper Lee creates a moment of tension and suspense in To Kill A Mockingbird during the mob scene through the juxtaposition of the ominous threat of the dark elements upon the light.

Relevance of Shakespeare Macbeth Themes Essay

Taking the stage 400 years ago, when shakespeare was equipped with his magical wand and book of speels , he casted a miraculous charm upon the world leaving people everywhere spell bounded. From the wonderful pleasures of love to the dark enchanting delights of ambition, his expert flawless wizardry enabled his socerous charms to stun and stagger the world even to this day. There is virtually no one who doesn’t know this quote â€Å"Fair is foul and foul is fair† To know the bard, is to be a somebody. True fact. In particular there is a certain shakespeare play that strongly and rather brutally deals with those themes applicable and prevalent to today’s society. It’s a tale of loyalty, morality, guilt and conscience to lust, deception, betrayal, jealousy, ambition and greed. Add in the element of war and destiny and you’ve got Macbeth. Shakespeare has truly shaped, shifted and cultivated Macbeth to convey human emotions to his characters to the utmost extreme. He also demonstrated that its more satisfying to achieve goals than ill – gained means. Ambition and guilt, these themes are still relevant to today’s society. Eessntially the play Macbeth explores the temptation of absolute power and vaulting ambition. Iot’s relevant because Macbeth captures the many modern dilemmas and concerns today and the timeless nature of the human condition. Ambition was the driving force behind Macbeth. Normally, being ambitious is a good thing, it pushes people to not give up. Without ambition, people wouldn’t get very far, yet being overzealous with ambition also has it’s downfalls. â€Å"I have no spur to prick the sides of my intent buy only vaulting ambition illustrates Macbeth’s ruthless obsession for power. There are two types of ambition Ambition Type 1 – naked and unchecked ambition – only benefiting themselves like Macbeth Ambition Type 2 – caring others above themselves like Banqou The play fiercely illustrates how being consumed by naked and unchecked ambition has its drastic consequences especially when it compromises your conscience or morality which is still applicable to today’s society. The world is full of ambition and people want to climb to the top. So being ambitious is like wielding a two-edged sword.

Future of Marketing: Recent Trends, Emerging Issues & Future Outlook Essay

Marketing decisions are an important part of the management practice. Large-scale databases and applications are methods that have increased tremendously over the years. â€Å"In the twenty-first century we expect that marketing managers will increasingly customize products and services and the supporting marketing programs.† (Leeflang & Wittnk, 2000) There have been several areas that have advanced in the future of marketing. Most organizations have customized services and products to customers’ needs and wants. This has become a normal activity in order to stay competitive in today’s market. A guest editorial written by Naresh K. Malhotra explains that â€Å"leading scholars from several different areas of marketing were invited to contribute† to answer such questions as â€Å"What have we learned? What gaps remain? Is marketing as a discipline well positioned to meet the challenges of the next century? What future directions should marketing take?† (Malhotra, 1999) These questions are vital to refine the present theories in order to meet future challenges in marketing. Marketing research is a useful tool in checking how things are going as well as to find out if there are any unanticipated problems that may arise. Finding any gaps in marketing is also found by research and can help in the implementation of new technology of the future. Knowing how to attract more potential cliental is a direction that marketing needs to take in order to stay competitive in the global market. Implementing a gap analysis will help in finding out if there are any gaps in the marketing of any product. This analysis will identify what needs to be addressed and how to address the issue. This will also help in finding the type of market the product should be marketed. The analysis will also help in meeting the challenges of the next century and what direction the company needs to take in marketing their product. â€Å"The 20th century saw considerable advances in both marketing theory and practice.† (Taylor, 2000) At the end of the century, important research developed that has advanced knowledge in several areas that include relationship marketing, international marketing, and marketing services to name a few. But the introduction of cyberspace has been the largest emerging issue in marketing. With the internet becoming very useful to the consumer, these users have increased sales dramatically. â€Å"However, keeping up with the rapid advances in technology will be a challenge for marketing researchers for years to come.† (Taylor, 2002) Notably there are a few areas that have realized that â€Å"In today’s environment, customer share should replace market share, customer managers should replace brand managers, and customer profitability should replace product profitability. With the vast increases in information technology it is now possible to apply these ideas in consumer markets. Financial service and transportation firms appear to be making steady progress in this direction.† (Leeflang & Wittnk, 2000) Take for an example, our public transportation here in Pinellas County. Just recently this organization has placed investigators onboard these busses to ask customers questions on how the service is and what improvements should be done. In the last couple of months there have been a few new bus routes added to accommodate new customers in areas that haven’t had any bus routes before. The future of marketing today has a few bumps to overcome. One is in the academic field, where there is a concern whether academic classes are closing the gap from the past to the future and the other is marketing through the internet. The role of academic marketing helps in the theory and methods in the practice of marketing in the future. â€Å"There is an alarming and growing gap between the interests, standards, and priorities of academic marketers and the needs of marketing executives operating in an ambiguous, uncertain, fast-changing, and complex marketspace.† (Dekimpe & Hanssens, 2000) This growing gap is becoming damaging to the marketing long-term outcome for the future. The future of business schools is to advance the practice of business, practice of marketing which includes its impact on business strategy, the businesses success and society’s ability to address these challenges, and should become a part of the decision in advancement in the marketing field. With the education that business schools provide, the decisions on relevant issues and making a difference in the practice of the marketing student. This is one field that the future of marketing needs to work on in order to have educated personnel. It is unfortunate that the academics field of marketing doesn’t seem to advance quickly in the information provided, but the future can hold new information as the marketing field continues to grow and have more models to give illustrations. The future â€Å"for the whole marketing academic community to work on relevant business problems is an easier path to undertake after tenure has been achieved than before, at least until the structural changes are in place.† (Reibstein, Day & Wind, 2009) This is well said and does show that the future in marketing academics is going to be something to take into consideration for any future business major The future of marketing should provide more emphasis on societal research. â€Å"There are three further issues that merit consideration: (1) intrinsic research characteristics and constraints, (2) research receptivity by the journal reviewers today, and (3) personal motivation and purpose.† (Wilkie & Moore, 2012) All of the above considerations are based on facts, theories, methods and applications learned. Studying marketing in society will offer many opportunities and careers that will invite future marketers to pursue. Online marketing is another form of marketing for the future. This form of strategy allows the organization to â€Å"demonstrate the growing power of online communities in building brand reputations and customer relationships.† (Harris & Rae, 2009) When first introduced, the internet only provided customers to view the organizations web site. Now social networks advertise products for companies worldwide. Social networks such as YouTube and Facebook use company’s advertisements to provide a free service to those networks clients, and to help the companies that advertise to market their product. Social networking is changing the way businesses and their customers relate to one another. Social networking does have a good side and a bad side. On the good side of social networking, a company can offer a means where customers can write a review of the company’s product and other customers are able to read these reviews. This can lead to more customers providing that the reviews are positive. The bad side of social networking is criticism of the customer service provided by the company. If a customer had a bad experience, they would post that experience to the company’s blog or to an online community such as www.getsatisfaction.com. This website provides a forum for customers to raise questions or to complain about a wide range of companies resulting in discussions displayed for other inquirers to search and view. The only thing wrong with this site is if the company doesn’t monitor this site and give input to the complaint, the company may look to the consumer as hiding something. Although this is all new and still in the beginning stages, social networking can be a very useful new tool for organizations in the future. . References Dekimpe, M. G., & Hanssens, D. M. (2000). Time-series models in marketing: Past, present and future. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 17(2-3), 183-193. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8116(00)00014-8 Harris, L., & Rae, A. (2009). Social networks: the future of marketing for small business. Journal of Business Strategy, 30(5), 24-31. doi: 10.1108/02756660910987581 Leeflang, P. S. H., & Wittnk, D. R. (2000). Building models for marketing decisions:: Past, present and future. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 17(2-3), 105-126. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8116(00)00008-2 Malhotra, N. K. (1999). Guest editorial: The past, present, and future of the marketing discipline. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science., 27(2), 116-119. doi: 10.1177/0092070399272001 Reibstein, D. J., Day, G., & Wind, J. (2009). Guest editorial: Is marketing academia losing its way?. American Marketing Association, 73(4), 1-3. doi:10.1509/jmkg.73.4.1 Taylor, C. R. (2000 ). Emerging issues in marketing. (6 ed., Vol. 17, pp. 441-447). New York: John Wiley & Sons. Wilkie, W., & Moore, E. (2012). Expanding our understanding of marketing in society. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 40(1), 53-73. doi: 10.1007/s11747-011-0277-y